Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease uptodate. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of ebola virus disease. Pdf ebola virus disease evd declared as one of the worlds most virulent diseases by who was popularly known as ebola haemorrhagic. Ebola virus and marburg virus symptoms and causes mayo clinic. Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. Using a panel of genetically diverse mice, price et al. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal, viral disease. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body as the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. The rapid progression of ebola virus infection has further complicated the control of this disease, affording little opportunity to develop acquired immunity. The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. In central and west africa, ebola virus, a member of the filovirus group, has caused sporadic outbreaks of lethal hemorrhagic disease for which no effective. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. Multiplatform omics analysis of human ebola virus disease. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Distribution of ebola virus disease cases by health zone in equateur province, democratic republic of the congo, 1 july 2018. Currently, there are evd outbreaks in several western african nations, including guinea, liberia, sierra leone and parts of nigeria. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Africa, which was the largest and longest epidemic of. The evd epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characterization will be discussed in this study.
Ebola virus disease is considered to be zoonotic, with occasional spillovers to humans, apes, and possibly other animals. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune cells. Transcriptional correlates of tolerance and lethality in mice. The pathogenesis of human ebola virus disease evd is complex. Mar 17, 2015 the filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are among the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans, with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. Ebola virus ebov causes severe haemorrhagic fever leading to up to 90% lethality. Mar 15, 2017 pathogenesis of ebola virus disease in pregnancy sources of infection.
Five distinct species of ebola virus have been isolated from various epidemics, mainly in african countries, with the exception of the reston virus that originated in the philippines. There are also indications that genetically engineered vaccines,including plasmid dna and viral vectors expressing ebola virus proteins,and passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies could be feasible options for the control of ebola virus associated disease. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or postexposure therapeutics. Ebola viruses ebovs and marburg viruses marvs are among the deadliest human viruses, as highlighted by the recent and widespread ebola virus outbreak in west africa, which was the largest and longest epidemic of ebola virus disease evd in history, resulting in significant loss of life and disruptions across multiple continents.
Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. Evd is characterized by high levels of virus replication and dissemination, dysregulated immune responses, extensive virus and hostmediated tissue damage, and disordered coagulation. The ebola virus ebov is the cause of an emerging disease that may be harbored across a much larger geographic range then previously assumed. Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Typically, ebola virus infection runs its course within 14 to 21 days. First recognized near the ebola river valley during an outbreak in zaire in 1976 6, 20, outbreaks have occurred in africa in the ensuing 27 years, with mortality rates.
The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in natural conditions. Jul 22, 2017 19102014 epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of ebola and marburg virus disease. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file. Evd outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with blood, tissue, body fluids and secretions from an. Ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Growing understanding of ebolavirus pathogenetic mechanisms and important new clinical observations of the disease course provide fresh clues about.
Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. In animal models, the virus can infect and efficiently replicate in the placenta and in the brain, and induce fetal demise or neural damage, recapitulating human diseases. Infection of nhps with ebov and sudv reproduces many of the features of ebola virus disease evd in humans, and therefore, nhps are preferred models for the development of vaccines and therapeutics 12. May 29, 2015 ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. It is caused by an infection with one of five known ebola virus species, four of which can cause disease in people. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the ebola virus. The virus is a member of the filoviridae family genus ebolavirus. Ebola virus disease aetiology of ebola virus disease ebola virus disease evd is also known as ebola haemorrhagic fever. Both viruses are native to africa, where sporadic outbreaks have occurred for decades. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease most commonly affecting people and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees.
For almost 50 years, ebolaviruses and related filoviruses. Riley5 the 2014 to 2016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa devastated local health systems and caused thousands of deaths. Evd is a severe contagious disease affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Ebola virus disease information for clinicians in u. Pdf the pathogenesis of ebola virus disease researchgate. Ebola virus disease evd declared as one of the worlds most virulent diseases by who was popularly known as ebola. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. Mar 03, 2020 as of september 17, 2019, an active outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in the democratic republic of the congo had resulted in 3,034 confirmed and 111 probable cases of ebola virus disease, including 2,103 attributable deaths.
The high virulence of ebov and marv is largely attributed to the ability of these viruses to interfere with the host immune response. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by ebola virus ebov. Jci insight comparative pathogenesis of ebola virus and. Ebola, ebolavirus, epidemic, filovirus, viral disease pathogenesis, viral hemorrhagic fever. The centers for disease control and prevention is working closely with the world health organization, state and local health departments, clinicians, and other partners to better understand and manage the public health risks posed by ebola virus disease evd. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. On rare occasions, ebola virus disease has resulted from accidental laboratory infections, and there is concern that the virus might be used as an agent of bioterrorism. On 27 june 2018, all the people who were exposed to the last confirmed evd casepatient completed their mandatory 21day follow up without developing symptoms.
Ebola virus pathogenesis ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be. The 202015 west african epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in ebola s history, presented an enormous international public health challenge, but it also provided insights into ebola s pathogenesis and natural history, clinical expression, treatment, prevention, and control.
The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease evd general information what is ebola virus disease. The application of these profiles predicts disease outcomes in mice and human patients. Keywords ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus, pathogenesis, treatment introduction on 8 august 2014 the world health organisation who declared the ebola virus disease evd outbreak in. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. The present large outbreak of ebov illustrates how an emerging disease may start and spread, the difficulty of its containment, and the sociopolitical factors that. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. The ministry of health and who continue to closely monitor the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in the democratic republic of the congo. Filoviruses, the viral family including ebola virus, are negative. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of. Increasingly frequent outbreaks and the placement of ebov in the category a list of potential biothreat agents have boosted interest in this virus. Experimental studies have clarified some mechanisms of zika virus pathogenesis and have identified potential targets for antiviral drugs.
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